With disposable syringe nasal irrigation, can use repeatedly

No, it is disposable syringes. The repeated use of the bacterial growth, with the bad.
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Disposable insulin syringe, insulin syringe pen type which is good

Better than the disposable insulin syringes with insulin pen, this is very beneficial for blood glucose control, needles in less than 5 mm and can be safe and no hurt to injection.
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Disposable syringe and disposable dropper which is accurate

If you are normal manufacturer production products are accurate. But I personally feel or syringe will be more accurate. According to the medical standards, to 15 drops of a ml dropper, medical are, of course to ensure that the normal dropper.
As long as the regular medical standard is the standard of production. Especially the syringe, national standard is very high to the requirement of syringes, syringes so as long as it is in line with national standards are accurate. Besides, actually syringe can also be used when the dropper, is to take out the syringe needle, you can come out little by little, the same 15 drops of a ml. But enforcement with proficiency to achieve, or forcibly undeserved word will spray all over the place.
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Disposable syringe naisuanjian corrosion

No, because the disposable syringe rubber plug in acid-base must react, have special resistance to acid and alkali of syringes

Use a disposable syringe can be liposuction

Had better not useful disposable syringe regular liposuction, liposuction is the notion, professional doctor will be subject to professional design, the subject should be in an upright position, so that the fat and the sagging due to gravity place obvious signs, mark drawing good suction area carefully, and contour line to mark the degree of fat. Then surgery incision design, must be designed to be concealed as far as possible some, in body folds such as design, for abdominal liposuction, will choose in the navel of the concave wall, making their incision and arm liposuction, do the incision in the armpit. Liposuction began, the first will be a special bottle of transparent liquid, infusion in patients with liposuction site, the site up soon, it has two functions: one is with local anesthesia, anesthesia time, analgesic effect, the better; Another volume expansion is to make the fat cells, which in turn into a liquid state, the catheter can be easily drawn out to the body, it makes the operation of the bleeding obvious reduce. Then start to do ultrasonic emulsification in vitro. See doctor on liposuction parts with cellophane tape reagents, with a pair of ultrasonic liposuction part of the probe began in the patients with slow do circular motion, the probe is controlled by microcomputer, through in vitro ultrasonic equipment under the skin of a certain frequency, a certain energy ultrasound, lead to cell rupture. The final step is to suck out fat. Feet long catheter from small incision into the subcutaneous, liposuction parts around to attack, then USES the negative pressure, cell debris and be emulsified fat liquid through the catheter was drawn out of the in vitro. As "before" sucking sound, saw yellow with some many bubble liquid from the catheter through the hose into the place in the operation of one foot high in the jar, build up. The yellow liquid is fat.
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Disposable syringes containing silicone oil composition, and now want to use glass syringes, consult with oil in glass syringes? Will not pull move after cleaning?

No, glass syringe inside and outside is made of glass, do not need lubrication, so there is no oil, so you can rest assured use

Can you use a disposable syringe pyridine absorption solution?

Chromatographic syringe should not are you going to do? Chromatograph are usually equipped with a syringe, and quantitative to edge up medical disposable syringe capacity is too big

Disposable syringe can waste processing what else products

Cannot, because disposable syringes have been national ministry of health, environmental protection as a hazardous waste list, after is to use specialized storage, transportation and strict disinfection, and burned down by specialized enterprise, health, environmental protection two departments in the whole process of strict regulation, outflow of take-away, discarded, acquisition of disorderly throw, recycling, processing production, it is illegal against the law.
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Available ordinary disposable insulin syringe injection

Regular insulin (400 u) bottle can use special disposable insulin syringe, other it is better to use insulin insulin pen, safer and more convenient.
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Once the principle of vacuum injector is what?

One-time blood collection needle: is a vacuum, it should be use the principle of atmospheric pressure, can let the media take up space in the short time! So can only be used once; Disposable syringe no should be pay attention to health.
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Disposable syringe can recycling processing

Cola and water bottles and syringe material is the same, non-toxic, can be recycled.
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With disposable syringe suction breastfed baby is bad

First don't know you is how to suck the milk with a syringe, but now there is a special pumping breast pump, a decade or two dollars, but also very convenient, after pour milk bottle for your baby to drink after coming in, but if the baby is not to drink if put for a long time not in time, no more than half an hour. Don't know why did you choose to suck the milk for your baby to drink, but don't let him direct absorption. If the crack is nipple (without inflammation), can use breast pump suction treatment while baby milk to drink, don't give the baby milk to eat if inflammation. Syringe pumping, right, I also don't know and syringe can not directly contact let the baby's mouth, don't use.
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Hangzhou where there is sell disposable syringe

Patient information: female, 28, zhejiang hangzhou condition description (onset time, main symptoms) : ready to do test tube now plays progesterone after transplant said every day the best so progesterone in bed at home how do want to let the husband to play at home trying to get help: where to buy disposable syringes were no sales of outpatient service drugstore urgent!!!!!!!!!!!!

Hello, the above situation can be choose to buy complete place of progesterone injection syringe, hope you don't there is pressure, generally is the clinic can buy, if not, will go to the hospital to buy.
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Hospital disposable syringes what is packed in plastic material

Disposable syringe like most of the PP, PE and PVC material, PP brittle, hard texture, the price is a bit expensive, good environmental protection performance, PE and PVC high transparency and smooth and soft texture, the price is relatively low.
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Buy disposable syringes for cat enema to doctor list

Will, of course, as long as you have proper reason, the doctor is sure to give you. I do biochemical experiment with a syringe, so I just went to the hospital to find the doctor prescribed a few, I explained to the doctor, without further ado, he immediately gave me a few.
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If the disposable syringe is just for my own use, can use a few times?

The so-called disposable is used once.
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Disposable medical instrument of the specifications of the infusion syringes

Disposable infusion sets 4 1/2 disposable infusion sets 5 disposable infusion 5 1/2 disposable infusion sets 6 7 single-use disposable infusion infusion sets and disposable infusion sets and disposable infusion 12 (less) disposable syringe 1 ml single-use syringes 2 ml / 2. 5 ml disposable syringe 5 ml single-use syringes 10 ml disposable syringe 20 ml 30 ml single-use disposable syringe injector 50 ml single-use syringes 60 ml single-use syringes 100 ml,,, disposable syringe is mainly the needle size length and opening mode and use change name is slightly changed, such as dosing device, prostate syringes, syringes heart, dental syringes, disposable infusion sets mainly production materials and useful change name is slightly changed, such as quartz infusion, avoid light infusion, double infusion, double steel infusion,...
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Disposable syringe and disposable sterile syringes is the difference between what is standard? Don't syringe should be sterile?

Disposable syringe is disposable sterile syringe. National standards in grade purification GMP production workshop dust-free sterile. After injection silk screen assembly packaging products within the shop through the logistics channel into sterilization workshop of ethylene oxide sterilization or cobalt 60 irradiation sterilization.
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The disposable syringe production need what equipment?

YZZ - 6 disposable syringe set automatically installed an overview of this machine has 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 60 ml specification. Ordinary, thread mouth, two-piece, partial needle and syringe products can be fabricated on the device.
Outline
Machines of these are with various types 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 60ml, and many products, such as popular type, screw thread, twinset, leaning needle etc., are all could be assembly with this machine.
Feature
Using microcomputer to control, adopting frequency velocity modulation from Japan Panasonic, this machine is of low power consumption, detected by photo-electric, stop automatically without material, fast
speed of assembly. The equipment and product contact parts are made of (304) stainless steel. The transmission belt can be in strict adherence to FDA certification of food transmission belt . Other parts have undergone anti-corrosion treatment and the equipment will not bring about any pollution to the products and clean area.
Technical parameter
Assembling area
1ml
2-3ml
5ml
10ml
20ml
30ml
50ml
Assembling speed
200/min
220/min
230/min
200/min
170/min
150/min
120/min
Input
220V50HZ
220V50HZ
220V50HZ
220V50HZ
220V50HZ
220V50HZ
220V50HZ
Machine size
490×230×210
490×230×210
490×230×210
490×230×210
490×230×210
460×230×210
460×230×210
Power
3kw
3kw
3kw
3kw
3kw
3kw
3kw
Weight
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
1500
Air pressure
0.2-0.4MPa
0.2-0.4MPa
0.2-0.4MPa
0.2-0.4MPa
0.2-0.4MPa
0.2-0.4MPa
0.2-0.4MPa
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On disposable syringes in the same person twice a minute

No problem, in sterile plates placed words, can be used within 12 hours. Disposable syringe's main aim is to avoid cross infection, and use the same patient, there is no cross infection, so can be secondary use. Patients with insulin syringe is used alone, for example, a pen injector needles often apply 7 days don't change. Disposable syringe needle, after repeated use, sharpness decreases, causes the patients pain increases, it is recommended to use metal products overseas brand group in shandong weihai wei Gao Jierui needlepoint are quite sharp said.

Men shopping heavy metal thallium poisoning antidote to blackmail texting said more are caught

Guangxi hechi city Luo Chengxian a rural couple, after eating chicken from strangers, symptoms such as lower limb swelling, the whole body hair. Local police investigation for nearly two months, on October 15, uncovered on dangerous substances thallium criminal case, the suspect wei in guangdong.
Luo police introduction, in August 21st morning, who lives in Luo Chengxian DongMenZhen chapter luo village of the empty-shell wuhan xindingcheng business trading company surnamed luo couples found that hung on the net a good native slaughter processing. Soon after, luo received a claim to be friends of strangers call: "the thought of your home to have dinner, did not see people will leave left the chicken."
Luo couple after eating the chicken, two per capita heart stuffy, belly bulge, lower limb swelling, systemic symptom such as hair loss, to the county hospitals inside and outside treatment, the symptoms did not ease. By experts consultation, diagnosis of "acute thallium poisoning. Report Luo Chengxian public security bureau, quickly set up planning for investigation.
After more than a month, amid rising in dongguan city, guangdong province following the alias for the criminal suspect "Li Dongkui" wei arrested, and seized in a rented place six disposable needles are 6 2 sets, mobile phones, mobile phone card and weighs about 10 grams of white powder crystal.
Wei, he is Luo Chengxian Qiao Shan Joe township village, 2002 due to poisoning sin was sentenced to eight years, was released in 2010. In may this year, cash-strapped wei thoughts of poisoning blackmail others money, he spent 2000 yuan on the online purchase heavy metal thallium. On August 21, after he went to Laurence family commit crime, make a phone call, send text messages to contact each other, claiming a detoxification medicine, to extort 60000 yuan.
At present, the suspected delivery dangerous material crime wei has been seeing about the police criminal detention.
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Dosage form innovation bring gonadorelin polypeptide drugs market

Current clinical polypeptide drugs mainly through injection drug delivery. Dosage form for injection, suspension injection and commonly booster injection, etc. And the new injection drug delivery systems including controlled release microspheres injection, injection with implants, infusion pump, dosing system and the dosage of PEG system, etc.
Announced on September 22, astrazeneca PLC's Reid (generic name: goserelin acetate) 10.8 mg officially listed in China. It is a long-acting slow-release implant dose in March, and will provide more convenience for prostate cancer patients, economic treatment.
Gonadorelin drugs refers to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) structure on the basis of a large family of synthetic polypeptide drugs, known as luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) is generated. When exogenous GnRH or its analogues in physiological pulse frequency every 90 min (l), the short-term small doses on pituitary gonad system, clinical treatment for sexual function is low, not ovulation, symptoms such as delay puberty; Instead of physiological pulse frequency to long-term, large doses can inhibit pituitary secretion of LH and FSH, led to the decrease of the secretion of gonadal hormone ability and genitals atrophy, clinical treatment for some hormone-dependent diseases, such as prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, breast cancer, endometriosis and precocious puberty.
LHRH analogues of metastatic prostate cancer endocrine therapy is the preferred first-line chemical castration drugs, according to m Intranet - 2011 competition, according to the endocrine treatment goserelin and QuPu gonadorelin market share rank.
Polypeptide drugs dosage is small, but need to for a long time, it offered opportunities for innovative dosage forms. Slow-release microsphere technique is to drug coating in microspheres carrier, through the skin or muscle, slow drug release, change of transport process, prolong action time. Listed for the first time is the development of French Ipsen company QuPu gonadorelin slow-release microspheres, went public in 1986. Implants were divided into non injectable implants and injectable implants and injectable implants is through the way to deliver drugs into the surgery, and drugs can slow and even after a long time to release, birth control pills are commonly used this method at present. Is injected into agent mixed with PLGA melt, and then by porous device into strips, cutting into a certain length of 1 mm or so, after the sterilization load special disposable syringes. Direct subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, clinical drug along with the degradation of skeleton material and give play to the role of long-acting release. Injectable implants without like non injectable implants need surgery into or take out, easy to use, simple preparation. And infusion pump dosing system controlled by computer can do it for a long time, accurate delivery, is a kind of safe and effective for treatment of chronic diseases medicine approach. With PEG (polyethylene glycol) modified compound process called PEG, protein and polypeptide drugs combined with PEG of different molecular weight and structure, solubility and stability increases, immunogenicity and toxicity can be reduced, the body obviously prolong half-life, drug treatment index increase, the effect is better. The infusion pump drug delivery systems due to the expensive, it is not convenient to use, there is no related products listed in our country, the rest three have the product listed. In only the first two polypeptide drug dosage form.
Table 1 class gonadorelin polypeptide drugs already on the market in our country innovative dosage forms
Drug name light c gonadorelin QuPu gonadorelin goserelin
Controlled release dosage form microspheres agent slow-release implants
Domestic manufacturer Shanghai method shows Beijing / / burns
Takeda Germany hui ling foreign manufacturer astrazeneca
For chronic diseases patients require long-term treatment, drug price and application is convenient or not is you most concerned about two aspects. Is QuPu gonadorelin, injection, the average is 0.1 mg/teams, usage of once-daily subcutaneous injection of 0.5 mg, seven day in a row, then 0.1 mg, 1 times a day as a maintenance dose; Controlled release agent, the specifications of 3.75 mg/teams, usage for subcutaneous injection once every 4 weeks. Ordinary injection price is 80 yuan /, 1850 yuan/controlled release agent. From the point of long-term treatment, innovative dosage form can save money for patients and easy to be accepted. In adapt to market development, astrazeneca company is thoughtful, even as its specification is 3.6 mg noriega to goserelin slow-release implants (acetic acid), already in the endocrine treatment market, has now launched the sustainable of the specifications of the drug release three months, on the basis of equivalent with the original specifications, tolerance is better, less injection time, and monthly cost of treatment can save up to 23%. It is definitely a better choice for patients.
The long-acting formulations has thousand of benefits, but m Intranet drug approval according to the domestic enterprises for the lack of power, investigate its reason is various. At present our country is in a critical period of transformation and upgrading of enterprise, innovation is the enterprise products and upgrades. But the status quo is occupied by a foreign high-end field, low-grade product profit is not big, and most companies still at a low level repetition. How to innovate and upgrade of how the product manufacturer is not just a thing, in relation to the whole industrial chain. As the above slow-release microspheres and slow-release implants, a high requirement on the material, and as a preparation for manufacturer's upstream accessories manufacturers due to various reasons, the injection level of related accessories approved hard, causing domestic basic out of stock, and imported accessories and more expensive, which dampened the enthusiasm of domestic pharmaceutical r &d and production enterprises. How to make products with high added value, get rid of the phenomenon of low water to repeat always, need more efforts to encourage innovation, and government work together to achieve the whole industry chain.
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Yangzhou 2011 floating children (including migrant children) management work summary

Yangzhou is located in the middle of jiangsu province, the Yangtze river in the south, the north huai water, bordering on taizhou east, the west and neighbouring anhui tianchang county and liuhe district, nanjing city, penetration in the beijing-hangzhou grand canal, is the Yangtze river delta important foreign open city and tourism city.
In recent years, with the development of social economy, runyang bridge and railway station of the new opening, floating population, especially there is an upward trend in rural migrant migrant workers, migrant children have become immune planning management work of the difficulties and hot issues. To carry our city floating children immunization planning work, improve the floating children immunization coverage and quality of immunization services. We have done some work, summarized as follows:
A basic situation, the floating children
According to immunization programme in the city in 2005-2010 annual report, the our city floating children five years a total of 28932 people, more than 4822 people per year on average, about 14% of the total number of JianKa children throughout the year. Including 24729 inflow, outflow of 4203 children, migrant children mainly inflows. Floating children JianKa, card rate more than 95% on average, "four miao" qualified coverage for more than 85% on average.
November 1, 2011-4336 floating children, JianKa rate, card rate 100%, according to China's national immunization planning immunization programme monitoring information management system's routine vaccination report statistics, this year October 1 - flow school-age children vaccine immunization planning routine immunization coverage in the city, respectively, 99.97%, 99.97% of the BCG vaccine, hepatitis b vaccine, polio vaccine immunization, DPT, measles vaccine immunization 99.86% 99.87% to 99.86%, A group of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine is 99.87% 99.84%, je vaccine immunization, polio vaccine, strengthen immunity, DPT to strengthen immune 99.86%, white 99.82% broken bigeminal vaccine, ma gills wind 99.89% 99.42%, and A + C group of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis vaccine is 99.79% 99.79%, 2, 1 needle, je vaccine strengthen immunization was 99.75%, hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis b vaccine uptake rates first stitch in time 99.86% and 97.98%.
After investigation, the crux of the floating children management difficult: one is the liquid flowing children, base number is not easy to understand; Second, lower cultural quality of the floating children parents, epi knowledge awareness is low, the consciousness of active immunity in service is poor; Three is grassroots FangBao doctor to do a good job lack of confidence, the management of the floating children have difficulties.
Second, the main methods:
1, understanding of the basic number of the floating children, to master the dynamic flow of children
(1) the vaccination units active and on the street (village), the local police station, market management department, director of the women, urban management, family planning cadres, such as exchange of information department or a responsible person, dynamic, timely grasp of the floating population residential to strengthen cooperation with education departments, earnestly kindergarten entrance child vaccination certificate inspection work, ensure that migrant children a not leak;
FangBao personnel at the grass-roots level (2) at least once a month by local police station, r (village) committee, security, rural doctors to communicate, understand the floating children moved out, immigration, and to the area to visit verification, implementing sharding responsibility, responsibility to the people, take the initiative to search new ingoing flow school-age children, timely registration, three months to live with children to establish vaccination card, and children's movements form the birth month report flow (including children) "report step by step;
(3) every year, also used to eliminate polio vaccines against measles immunization and activities, a survey on children flow again touch bottom, floating children active search and discovery. Such as 2010/2011 polio strengthening immune detected objects floating children clothing seedlings of 13623 people, serving 13498 people, the seedling rate was 99.08% on average. Including 6500 round 1 found to suit miao object, serving 6433 people, serving seedling rate was 98.97% on average, 2 wheel found to take miao object of 7123 people, serving 7065 people, the seedling rate was 99.19% on average.
2, increase publicity, increase the floating children parents aware of knowledge about immunization
(1) administrative department of health and the CDC regularly or not regularly on television, radio, newspapers, Internet and other media publicity of floating children immunization plan about common sense, for the whole society attaches great importance to this work and support;
(2) the flow of vaccinating children against centralized residence prominently Posting posters, signs, hanging banners, etc., and publicity of the significance of vaccination; JianKa, in time for the floating children into local parents to children patient timely propaganda national immunization planning and related policies, free types of vaccination, inoculation methods, prevention of infectious diseases and vaccine contraindications, marketable fee standards as well as the possible side effects, inoculation against specific place and time, contact information, inform the floating children parents migrant children can accept the immunization services and resident children, the propaganda positions were established in the community, shipyard, trade market, such as different floating population, increasing floating population health prevention awareness;
(3) in order to get in touch with parents in a timely manner, provide vaccination for the service object the first time service, zhuhai HanJiang zone, gaoyou for newborn children more status, within their respective jurisdictions to install a set of "message booking notification system", through "SMS notification system booking" to parents send children vaccination notification and relevant information such as infectious disease prevention knowledge propaganda, on the one hand to remind parents, on the other hand also greatly made our work.
3, the floating children "card, certificate, report" of system and norm management of floating children.
(1) unit of each vaccination copies of registration, JianKa for migrant children;
(2) adopted a policy of floating children apanage management, especially the township interstate flow after the birth of children must be at the location of the hukou JianKa card, after leave detailed contact way, in order to the current residence to vaccinate, now on the vaccination status timely feedback to the vaccination outpatient service of seat of registered permanent residence to avoid card leakage; Vaccination units for the new move for floating children immunization card, certificate, floating children as its roll-out of moving out of vaccination card, certificate, to ensure the continuity of vaccination work;
(3) for routine immunization of statistical report on the floating children and permanent children respectively summary report, timely grasp the floating children immunization;
(4) make full use of the immunization vaccination information management system, implement vaccination information resource sharing, to avoid the floating children late and leakage phenomenon.
4, to increase vaccination outpatient service Open Day, improve the quality of service
(1) migrant children is mainly concentrated in the urban area, due to the increasing number of children, the types of vaccine to increase, the original monthly vaccination outpatient service has far can not adapt to, in order to better provide immunization services for children, guarantee the quality of vaccination, most units will be inoculated outpatient 1 times a week or 2 to 3 times a week instead of outpatient service, individual unit, outpatient service, avoids the clinic Open Day crowded phenomenon, and reduce the burden of the staff, but also reduces the errors in the accident;
(2) of the floating population is relatively concentrated, set up a regular flow of vaccination.
5, strengthen management, to ensure all measures put in place
Municipal organization professionals every six months into the different of the floating population, random visiting children, understand JianKa, vaccination card and the condition of floating children immunization programmes of parent knowledge, timely find problems resolved in a timely manner. County district each quarter to supervision, vaccination outpatient service asked related measures to implement, and half a year to develop a floating children vaccination rate survey.
2011 migrant workers children card rate (floating population) and the national survey results the immune planning vaccination rates: in 2011 we had in the first half of May 16-20 immune programming work supervision inspection, in the city of county (city, area) checked, random sample of 2 township (town, street), respectively, by field visit and information systems audit each spot check 1 2 administrative villages and township home residents' committees, each of the 10 administrative villages random survey on January 1, 2008 - children born on December 31, 2009 (2008, 2009, 5), a total of 480, including 180 children. Household survey of 180 floating children, JianKa rate and pass rate are 100%, specification number 143 card; Bill hold 168, holding rate 93.33%; Inform before inform 179 before vaccination, immunization rate 99.44%; Use 180 disposable syringes, disposable syringes utilization rate by 100%. Based immune qualified immunization vaccines inoculated respectively: BCG, timely rate of 100% and 79.4%, the rate card scar, polio vaccine, timely rate of 100.00% 98.89% and 100.00% 100.00%, DPT, flax seedlings, timely rate of 99.4% to 87.2%, the hepatitis b vaccine 99.4%, needle timely rate of 98.3%, "five miao" 99.4%, je epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, 88.9% and 95.6% coverage.
Third, discussion and Suggestions
1, leadership attention, is the guarantee of the management of floating children, due to the particularity of liquidity of the floating population is strong, not easy to manage, make the floating children immunization work difficulty is very big. To do a good job of floating children immunization management to need a lot of manpower and material resources and financial resources, without leadership support, by the power of grassroots CDC staff alone, it is not possible to do the work well;
2, grass-roots staff must have determination and confidence to overcome the difficulty: floating children immunization management has always been immune programming work difficulty, also does not have a successful example, throughout the country also does not have a law, as a result, floating children immunization management difficult. If understanding of the work does not reach the designated position, not determination to overcome difficulties, measures is difficult to implement;
3, floating children immunization management to multi-sectoral collaboration: specification of floating children immunization management is not enough only by the health department, the need for multisectoral coordination and support;
4, propaganda, to improve migrant children parents for children vaccinated consciousness: only the epi knowledge propaganda in place, the floating children parents really realized the importance of children immunization, will become the passive to accept service of initiative service, floating children inoculated will be effectively improved.
5, in-depth research, repeated proof, for a "floating children immunization management model" : suggestion province health department or the centers for disease control and in-depth research, pilot, and a small scale for a butcher real feasible "floating children immunization planning management model", promoted in the whole province.
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Female sex workers must do test HIV testing on a regular basis

For HIV/AIDS patients showed a trend of rising year by year the number of interpretation, the Chinese center for disease control and prevention STD zunyou wu, director of the center for AIDS prevention and control has said, "sexually transmitted infection is caused by students reasons for the increase in the number of HIV/AIDS."
Data show that in HIV infection of homosexual transmission ratio has risen from 8% in 2006, rising to 55.5% from January to September 2011. Zunyou wu believes that social discrimination is more damaging than HIV itself, many people even know they are dangerous behavior, also not willing to do testing, it brings new challenges to AIDS prevention and control work. Today, please know network expert thematic analysis why female sex workers belong to high-risk groups
Female sex workers refers to commercial behavior for professional women. Female sex workers generally low age, strong liquidity, low level of education, most have commercial sex partners at the same time and lifetime partners, condom utilization rate is low, STD infection rates high, some women sex workers also belongs to the drug abuse crowd. Experts suggest that female friends must be regularly tested for HIV test, to ensure that HIV/AIDS by knowing which infect the people around.
Why data dialysis female sex workers belong to high-risk groups
1, the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases, sexual partners change frequently, and itself is high;
2, female sex workers in commercial transactions and non-commercial sex in general lack of security protection measures;
3, in the spread of HIV/AIDS in the process of central link role;
4, about half in relationship with lifetime partners have never used a condom.
5, 60% of female sex workers can't insist every time sex are using condoms;
6, among female sex workers, the average infection rate of HIV was 1.0%, the highest is 10.0%;
7, 130000 female sex workers and clients with HIV, 19.6% of the total number of evaluation;
8, 10% of female sex workers monitoring sentinel HIV antibody positive detection rate of up to 5.0%.
Although AIDS is a serious infectious disease, actually is also a kind of behavioral disorders, people's behavior decision outbreak of real condition, therefore, if the AIDS high-risk behavior can get effective control, will play a huge role in blocking on HIV/AIDS prevention and control, now has gradually become a chronic disease.
Personal self protection is a fundamental way to stay away from AIDS. Experts give us the advice: totally, not prostitution; Stay away from drugs; Don't contact with blood or other people in unprotected conditions the wound; Do not use without the detection of blood and blood products; Must use disposable syringe; Less than disinfection not reliable medical units tooth and acupuncture, operation; Not no disinfection with a tattoo, piercing, beauty; Don't sharing razor and toothbrush with others.
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Disposable syringes in China trade surplus continued to expand

Is one-off injector producer in China, the products can not only meet the domestic market, also exported to abroad. According to customs statistics, China's health care chamber of commerce in 2006 ~ 2010, the disposable syringe surge in exports from $112 million to $112 million. Among them, rose 20.44% year-on-year in 2010; Average export unit price is $0.04 / teams, up 7.55% from a year earlier. Relative to the export and import growth is small. Until 2009, our country import disposable syringe years topped $100 million, 2010 to $112 million, the trade surplus still growing.
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The bizarre plot similar to Hollywood

"There is no doubt that this is the most complex, the largest in the history of the collective motion of doping case." Marcom Anne skinner, director of the U.S. anti-doping association told reporters in an interview, "using the team managers, staff and teammates, Armstrong to weave a unprecedented complex networks to protect themselves, his errors include use and transportation of illicit drugs, and help the team to the event organisers and international anti-doping commission cover up the truth."
In Armstrong large drug conspiracy team, behind a key figure was an Italian doctor Michael ferrari, many famous tour riders are his long-term customers, praise it is "master" evade the positive test. His drug use and drug testing for Armstrong to evade. The information provided according to the United States anti-doping association, from 1996 to 2006, Armstrong to pay the private doctors pay more than $1 million.
Armstrong, addicted to the drug's another accomplice is the us postal team general manager John brunel, after 1998 years as a manager, brunel has pushed for new morrow to join the team, as team doctor. Before being hired by the us postal team in 1999, mauro is valencia a sports medicine clinic, doctor practicing by its athletes, nicknamed "black cat", two people together to try to persuade young drivers taking drugs to enhance performance.
"To be sure, Armstrong in this conspiracy is not a negative complicity or insider. As team chief star driver for his teammate zhang for the power, can be arbitrarily expel those directed team management in drug taking said doubts and opposition players and staff." The United States anti-doping association chief adviser William burke said. In 2002, according to testimony, in a city girona, Spain team meetings, Armstrong said publicly, in order to team performance, everyone should accept the drug injection, those that do not comply should "get out immediately.
"I firmly believe in his innocence." Armstrong is in more than 10 years of career, for his taking illegal drugs charges standard answer, concise, powerful. His brokerage team claimed, after more than ten years of his career, Mr. Armstrong successfully passed testing more than 500 times, without rendering illicit drugs is positive, so as to construct the "Armstrong myth" the most solid foundation. The United States anti-doping agency says, however, that is exaggerated. "According to our statistics, test of Armstrong international bicycle association number is about 200 times, and in his career, the United States anti-doping agency for testing times only six times more."
According to the United States anti-doping association survey, in the 12 years of cat and mouse game, Armstrong and the us postal team in most of the time are the winners, they use various means to conceal the truth, former teammate Hamilton said: "sometimes escape is startlingly simple testing method, such as hiding, when the tour DE France race organizers of health inspectors came to the gate of your home, don't go to answered it, anyway, only three unexcused absences will receive a warning."
In brunel and moro, postal team drivers generally choose evening for drug injection. If testing staff came to headquarters, then team members will voluntarily inform those who medication teammates quickly withdrew from the race in order to avoid test, not only that, the us postal team in the world anti-doping agency internal buy off line, the line will be informed timely will test time and place for the bribe their team members.
In addition, even if in the process of game, the postal service team will also hire personnel, to the driver on the irrigation water bottles have illicit drugs, usually in a specially marked player name on the bottle and the drug content.
Rapid advances in brunel and Armstrong for the team's triumphant, a small incident almost destroyed the Armstrong seven champions league of legend: in the future in a temporary test, Armstrong was found cortisone positive, brunel flurried to morrow and presented a date be falsified medical records, to show that lance was suffering from severe sore back muscles and the convulsion, this excuse, easily accepted by testing personnel.
Nevertheless, Armstrong and the appearance of the us postal team or part caused by the international cycling union members and media attention, the rumors spread about doping. During tour in 2000, a French journalist has secretly followed mollo and other postal staff team, the results found that they often "strangely" sneak out, drivers' rest stop black garbage bags in hand, in these derelict, hewitt found abandoned plasma bags and disposable syringes, enhance cell metabolism, drug "love" of the outer packing. In the end, the French police conducted an innocuous, the whole thing.
Leo grant lok ma, for the first time that the United States anti-doping agency realized that doping eroded U.S. professional sport of cycling to the point of how serious, although Armstrong continued claims that the United States anti-doping according to its own investigation and charges as a "illegal witch hunting movement, but Mr. Gerth and his colleagues like a keen hunting, the first smell of the trail of the prey right: starting from the rock team, to the postal service team, faintly visible clue of connected like a maze, gradually surfaced.
In 2006, Armstrong's former teammate Jonathan walters started cooperation with the United States anti-doping association, struggled to again and again after the appeal, the U.S. department of justice has finally opened up a series of investigation. And is a milestone in the first major breakthrough, in 2010 by doping in 2006 deprived tour title of former teammate Floyd landis "defect". In waters constantly encouraged by "the courage to tell the truth", landis finally agreed to meet with the United States anti-doping work personnel, and to provide its own and Armstrong period of posts and telecommunications in the United States team details of taking drugs. Landis opening, just like the first piece of domino, a growing number of American professional drivers choose open, hide in the wound in the dark and ugly.
"Moro and ferrari have pleaded guilty, and voluntarily accept the lifelong sentence from professional sports league for medical services, despite the witnesses not to attend the arbitration hearing in view of the Armstrong charges, but their testimony was completely enough to make the United States anti-doping association have the confidence to put forward a series of to the United States postal charges for our team." Skinner told reporters.
For a global audience and international bicycle exercise, however, how to fill the Armstrong left huge vacuum, rebuild their trust in the ancient sport and love, is a long-term continuous pain.
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Africa: potential for disposable syringes

According to the international medical equipment industry forecasts, to 2015, the disposable syringes market will reach $9.3 billion to $9.5 billion. This is because the developed countries generally entered the aging society, many old people need to regularly on the hospital injections, is a big demand for disposable syringes. Disposable syringes now has become one of Europe and the United States hospital of consumables. Disposable syringes in Europe and America market, however, has been highly mature, a lot of the personage inside course of study thinks, although African medical apparatus and instruments market sales volume is small, but with the continued development of Africa economy, Africa will certainly be disposable syringes and other medical equipment products of big potential market.
Our disposable syringe's production capacity has reached 30 billion resulting in the serious excess capacity, some disposable syringe production enterprises operating at less than 50%. But in recent years, shandong, liaoning and other northern provinces of disposable syringe production development faster, in recent years, some western province began to join the disposable syringe production ranks. Disposable syringes in China big overcapacity situation, joined the new producers will no doubt face more cruel competition.
According to veteran of foreign long-term engaged in medical equipment trade analysis, the disposable syringes market still in developed countries as the main body. The United States as the world's biggest market of disposable syringe. In the United States, the disposable syringe is not simply used to inject drugs but expanded to a variety of medical USES, especially some protein/peptide drug prefi lled type syringe has become the important products in the syringe. This kind of product mainly has EPO prefi lled type syringe, insulin syringe, all kinds of vaccination syringe and DNA analysis, etc., with a syringe are the best-selling products on the market of the United States. The U.S. currently accounts for about 30% of the world's disposable syringes market share, the second (about 26%), Japan's third (about 10%), the Middle East countries and South American countries accounted for 4%, including China, southeast Asia, Canada, and Oceania, the countries in the asia-pacific region has become a new hotspot, the disposable syringes market growth in these countries total disposable syringe sales accounted for about 25% of the world's markets, and the vast Africa accounts for only 1% of disposable syringe markets around the world.
Has a population of nearly 1 billion in Africa, Nigeria, Mali, oil producing countries such as South Africa and north Africa national economic situation is good, and sub-saharan African countries has always been a global AIDS disaster zone, therefore, African countries, demand for disposable syringes product space is huge. Was needed for the African syringe products including anesthesia syringe with syringes, blood, blood vessels, surgery/gas syringes and catheters syringes (especially secure catheters syringe) closed at one end, dental syringes, eyeball syringe, insulin syringe (including regular insulin syringes and insulin syringe), ligament in syringes and wash one's hands with a syringe, etc.
In Africa, in addition to a few countries such as South Africa has certain medical equipment production capacity, the vast majority of countries have not yet established the production system of medical equipment, medical apparatus and instruments required for these countries products mostly rely on the United Nations organizations. In addition, the United Nations agencies will purchase every year a certain number of free disposable syringes and other commonly used medical devices assigned to the underdeveloped countries in Africa for medical use. According to WHO estimates, if African governments can protect people health needs, is the continent need to consume at least 4.5 billion cigarettes every year disposable syringes products, from a long-term point of view, Africa is a big potential market of real product of medical apparatus and instruments.
For many disposable syringe manufacturers in China, with its lower prices on the international market compete, than one thousand ways to open the vast market in Africa. Our disposable syringe production enterprises in their own way should change the present situation, the organization of an industry association as soon as possible, and sent representatives in South Africa and other countries set up offices, efforts to improve China's share of disposable syringes in Africa. European and American developed countries disposable syringes market is already saturated, in contrast, Africa is disposable syringes in China the most promising target to expand exports.
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People love dogs: word pledge to sort out the harmonious

Growing urban social problems brought by the dogs, caused by environmental problems, safety complaints, give should be the harmonious coexistence between man and dog situation marked by a seemingly a Gordian knot. As the saying goes, better to get the bell person. For city many contradictions problems by a dog, it ultimately will fall to "manage" this two word. A, how to keep, how to keep? Pipe, tube, pipe? To this, the reporter is city dog management question has carried on the related research interview.
Management regulations, become a dead letter
, according to the relevant person in charge of municipal public security bureau police brigade for dogs in our province have a clear management way, such as the dog in the way required bolt or captive, implements the immune prevention, regularly listed registration management, etc., should be taken for unlicensed unlicensed dogs, not according to stipulations, immune, onto the dog, wild dog and other animals should be killed with rabies. But killing the rules in the society also has a lot of opposition, mainly from the perspective of animal protection. And zhuhai as of so far, about 10 years or so have not been killed.
As a matter of fact, can be seen everywhere in public places, the dog for a walk, still thering is no lack of among them large dogs, a large part of the dog who let the dogs free muscle, it's the rope tied the dog. Dog people swear to call the dog won't hurt, but it often happens or bite by a dog, especially for large dogs from passers-by beside, often can let a person feel sense of terror.
Registration and management with reality problem
In charge of the canine and quarantine registration and management of animal disease prevention and control center, the center director sun cheng jun told reporters that the country without rules on compulsory immunization for dogs, dogs are spontaneous to immune prevention of pet dog, because now people's healthy consciousness is high, many dog owners can still go to some pet hospital prevention immune to his dog. Regarding registration and listing this aspect, since the management is responsible for by them, because of funding problems has not been started.
Dog when it comes to how to manage the city, sun cheng jun think, if you want to manage the problem of city of a dog, this should be a comprehensive multi-sectoral coordination process, should be more department manages concertedly, because it has the function of a single department range is limited, such as killing of involving the public security department, the registration and quarantine livestock sector, to walk the dog in the management of city management and so on.
Ready-made experience is worth learning from
According to understand, to the problem of city dogs every place combined with their own characteristics made the relevant specific measures. Such as the provisions of article 17 of "Beijing raises dog management stipulation", raises the dog person allowed the dog to enter the market, shops, commercial blocks, restaurants, parks, public green space, hospitals, exhibition halls, theaters, sports venues, the community public fitness place, playground, waiting room and other public places; Implements ShuanYang or for dogs, large breed in captivity, must not leave home the dog for a walk; For registration, annual inspection, immunity, diagnosis and treatment and so on at home, the dog into the dog cage or for dogs and dog chain, beam on by adults stretch collar; With dogs at home, the dog excretion of feces in the outdoor, with dogs shall immediately remove.
Such as Harbin for canine regulations explicitly pointed out that, like the Tibetan mastiff, husky large dogs and dogs were clear as prohibition raises the dog. Ban on the dog for a walk outdoors during the day.
Again, for instance, nanjing has invented the "canine citizen ID chip", by disposable syringe injection, subcutaneous implanted into animals, without any side effects, since animals have registered code number for life. Also can effectively avoid the generation of stray dogs. In addition, the nanjing also launched "pet dog owners liability insurance", as long as pay 50 yuan to 100 yuan a year, can obtain the highest 100000 yuan of personal injury compensation.
Some good measures, good practice, and mature management experience, for the city current status of the management of a dog, it should be said is worth reference. I hope our city dog management can really put on the agenda.
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Don't regulate insulin affect blood glucose control

As one of the means of control blood sugar, many people take insulin every day, but many people don't know, because the injection is not standard, the function and effect of insulin will be discounted. Many patients due to family conditions is limited, so disposable syringes used up, always reluctant to throw away a needle to use half a month at least, have some more, adjust injection dose. , jilin university fellowship hospital endocrinology Chen Zhaojie head nurse said China and Japan, disposable syringes now is made according to the using a standard disposable, so make sure change one at a time, repeated use for a long time, can cause skin infections, ulcers, severe cases may even need to surgical incision drainage, so not worth to do so.
, before Chen head nurse, injection insulin to take out from the refrigerator, after half an hour, and inspection on the injection site, touched by hand, and if there are bumps and lumps can't injections. It is important to note that injecting should pay attention to three rotation, first at the injection site rotation (hips, abdomen, upper arm of the lateral, outer thighs, four parts of a rotation); The same parts of the left and right rotation; The rotation of the same injection area (two injection points more than two centimeters). Injection, patients with relatively thin, the skin can be picked, 45 degrees into the needle; Fat don't have to pinch the skin more, vertically into the needle, after injection, the needle to stay for 10 to 15 seconds to pull out, in addition, do not use ordinary syringes, need for insulin syringe.

How to prevent AIDS?

AIDS is a kind of behavior, in view of the three transmission mode of HIV/AIDS can take the following preventive measures accordingly.
1, to prevent transmission through sexual contact: comply with sexual morality, regular partner, safe sex is effective measures to prevent the transmission of HIV through sex. Proper use of qualified quality condoms can reduce the risk of HIV infection. Got venereal diseases or suspected STD should be as early as possible to the designated medical institutions or normal hospital inspection and treatment.
2, to prevent transmission through blood: stay away from drugs, drug resistance; Don't accept without HIV antibody testing of blood, blood products, qualified and organs; Do not use without strictly sterilized syringes; Do not share syringes with others, razor; Vigorously promote the use of disposable syringe injection safety measures.
3, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) : pregnant women infected with HIV should avoid; Once pregnancy is considering whether to terminate a pregnancy; under the guidance of a doctor Choose to continue pregnancies should take antiviral drugs intervention measures to interrupt transmission, such as birth and cesarean delivery postpartum to avoid for newborns breastfeeding.
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Electric car batteries commonly used several repair methods

The battery of electric vehicles in use after a period of time, battery capacity decline phenomenon. So, how can let the electric battery longer? Take a look at below small make up for all the collected about simple repair method of electric vehicle battery, in order to prolong the service life of your battery.
1. The imbalance
Repair methods: find the capacity, voltage, self-discharge batteries, battery internal resistance, etc have been used together.
2. The water loss
Repair method: pry open at the top of the battery cover plate. Some battery cover plate is ABS adhesive joint, some of the battery is connected. Have a plenty of skateboarding. Pay attention to pry the cover plate, don't damage the cover plate. Then you can see 6 exhaust valve rubber caps. Open the rubber cap, revealing a vent through the vent can see inside the battery. Some batteries can unscrew the exhaust valve base, can not open the exhaust valve rubber and spin sacking valve base. Some cells around the rubber cap and some padding. Open the lid, according with a flashlight, see if there is a phenomenon of dry holes inside, if the battery fluid loss. Battery polar plate is made of glass fiber cotton wrapped in white, normal should be wet. By a vent into the battery with the dropper to inhale the distilled water. With good water battery made of breathable mask cover the vent, to prevent the dust into the vent. It is better to medical secondary distilled water. Hydrating principle is rather less not more. Can add enough, more than the decline in the proportion of acid, battery capacity will be less than. No experience is 5 ml per hole. It is best to look at, damp, twinkle, liquid. Wet just, twinkle is much, liquid is too much.
Special tip: hydrating tools using glass, such as plastic straws. Recommend the use of medical disposable syringes, easy to use and convenient measurement. Hydrating instrument cannot use any metal bearing, syringes should pull needles, metal casing section plastic tube after use.
3. The sulfuric acid salinization
Repair method: use sulphur battery repair instrument repair, fuzzy digital control theory, by measuring the battery status, at the same time of charge and discharge from the positive and negative frequency particle wave, with 10 to 20 hours of time, remove the battery after the crystallization of hard lead sulfate.
4. Plate softening
Repair method: after check 10.5 V battery discharge, using light bulb deep discharge from 1 to 5 hours. Then use the activation device, activation of repair.
5. A short circuit
Battery repair method: water, can punch is clear, will short circuit the lead powder out! Electric car batteries, short-circuit is negative, can quickly burn out where the short circuit!
6. Open circuit
Repair method: 0 v 100 a test battery voltage for open circuit, measured with a single method, measure the open circuit, welding is good.
Use the multimeter to measure the battery open circuit place!

World AIDS day, do you know about AIDS?

The theme of world AIDS day, this year is still the "action, and to" zero "AIDS". Experts pointed out that AIDS cannot be transmitted through the way such as air, food, water, but through some specific behavior, therefore, AIDS is a kind of "behavioral disease". Discrimination against HIV/AIDS of ignorance, fear, and not to face, can let a person exposed to high risk of AIDS infection.
HIV/AIDS mimic diagram (figure)
What are the early symptoms of AIDS?
1. The HIV antibody positive, but also has the following any one person, but to the experiment confirmed HIV/AIDS patients.
(1) in the near term (3 to 6 months) weight reduce above 10%, and sustained fever of 38 ℃ more than a month;
(2) in the near term (3 to 6 months) weight reduce above 10%, and persistent diarrhea () up to 3-5 times a day more than a month;
(3) cartesian pneumocystis pneumonia (PCR);
(4) kaposi's sarcoma (KS;
(5) obvious pathogenic infection, mold, or other conditions.
2. If the antibody positive for weight loss, fever, diarrhea is close to item 1 above, for the experiment confirmed HIV/AIDS patients.
(1) CD4 / CD8 ratio (secondary/inhibition) lymphocyte count
(2) systemic lymph node enlargement;
(3) obvious space-occupying lesions of the central nervous system symptoms and signs of dementia, discerning, disability, or motor nerve dysfunction.
Every long unexplained fever, whole body discomfort, diarrhea, joint muscle pain and other symptoms; Lupus rash, systemic symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes; Or ordinary people is not easy to suffer from infection, and the lymphocyte subgroup examination showed CD4 T cells, CD4 / CD8 cells were inverse ratio should be thought of the disease. Such as high-risk groups appear afore-mentioned circumstances, should be highly suspected the disease, make etiology inspection in time. Because of complex clinical manifestations of the disease, laboratory testing positive for HIV infection, should be based on the diagnosis to patients with specific conditions and classification.
The spread of AIDS
HIV although looks like normal people, but their blood, semen, YD secretions, skin and mucous membrane damage or inflammation, ulcer in exudate containing a large number of HIV/AIDS, have very strong infectivity; Breast milk also contains virus, infectious. Saliva, tears, sweat and urine can also be found in the virus, but with very little virus, infectious. Has confirmed that HIV transmission routes has three:
1, sexually transmitted
Spread by sexual behavior is the main way of transmission of HIV: whether gay or bisexual between anal or oral sex with a greater risk of infection.
2, blood
Through intravenous drug users who share not disinfected syringe;
Lose with without HIV antibody examination blood donor blood or blood products, and similar cases with bone marrow and organs shift values;
Syringes and needles disinfection is not complete or no disinfection, especially children immunization yet one more risk a needle tube;
Dental devices, delivering devices, surgical instruments, acupuncture needle disinfection is not strict or not disinfection;
Barber, beauty, such as eyebrow tattoo, wear ear), knives, needles, tattoo, etc bathroom pedicure knife disinfection;
And other common knives, razors, shaving or common toothbrush;
Ambulance bleeding of the wounded, rescue the patient's blood itself damaged skin contact.
3, mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)
Already pregnant women infected with the AIDS virus can through the placenta, or childbirth through the birth canal, also can through breastfeeding, the virus to the baby.
"The fourth route of transmission do you know?"
What is the fourth route of transmission? Pan Yunjiao said that discrimination against HIV/AIDS of ignorance, fear, and not to face up to. Ignorance is the main cause of HIV infection.
In communication with people has just received infected with the AIDS virus, Pan Yunjiao often ask a question, "in his HIV infection before, do you know about AIDS?" And the answer is often negative. That is to say, many people are under the condition of the ignorance of AIDS infected with AIDS.
"Refuse is more terrible than ignorance and understanding." Pan Yunjiao said, many people listen to "AIDS", far away right now, said I have nothing to do with "AIDS". Due to the fear of AIDS, many people and refused to learn more about HIV/AIDS. Indifference and ignorance of AIDS, people at high risk of exposure to HIV infection.
Will not infect the AIDS virus
Air; Drinking water, food; Daily contact with work and life; The swimming pool; Blood sucking insects and mosquitoes, fleas, lice, etc., there is no blood sucking insects found HIV transmission; People who are protective care, care for HIV/AIDS; Squat toilets and urinals;
Need to caution transmission so as to avoid an accident
1, kiss
On the lips, tongue and oral mucosa intact, foreigners courtesy contact oral cheek kissing should belong to security. Mouth-to-mouth kissing, especially long deep kiss, kiss, lips, tongue, oral cavity mucous membrane is broken or ulcers, there is a risk of infection.
2, shake hands
The hand skin without damage, shake hands should be safe.
3, hug
Through the dress hugs are safe. If direct contact with the skin, and skin abrasions or suffering from skin diseases, there is a certain danger.
4, dine
Our food system is not found to spread HIV/AIDS, but it is a kind of unhealthy eating habits, broken system should be promoted.
5, the use of condoms in sexual intercourse
Proper use of condoms can reduce the chance of HIV/AIDS, to some extent but still use condoms to promiscuity have the risk of HIV infection, because condoms during sex may happen rupture and slip, about 10% of failure rate, which in 100 used condoms intercourse can occur failure 10 times. So involved in the prostitution and sexual disorderly must cherish life, to immediately stop such high-risk sexual behaviour. The use of condoms to prevent AIDS is not a safe and reliable method, cannot consider condoms condoms or condoms. Only sees itself, is the most reliable.
6, sharing a toilet
Sit toilet seat ring has disinfection, or ring certainly were not the patient's sperm, menstrual blood or vaginal fluid contamination, contact the toilet ring of the skin without damage or skin disease should belong to security.
AIDS children's painting in the tree of life understanding to never give up hope.
How to prevent AIDS? AIDS is a kind of behavior, in view of the three transmission mode of HIV/AIDS can take the following preventive measures accordingly.
1, to prevent transmission through sexual contact: comply with sexual morality, regular partner, safe sex is effective measures to prevent the transmission of HIV through sex. Proper use of qualified quality condoms can reduce the risk of HIV infection. Got venereal diseases or suspected STD should be as early as possible to the designated medical institutions or normal hospital inspection and treatment.
2, to prevent transmission through blood: stay away from drugs, drug resistance; Don't accept without HIV antibody testing of blood, blood products, qualified and organs; Do not use without strictly sterilized syringes; Do not share syringes with others, razor; Vigorously promote the use of disposable syringe injection safety measures.
3, the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) : pregnant women infected with HIV should avoid; Once pregnancy is considering whether to terminate a pregnancy; under the guidance of a doctor Choose to continue pregnancies should take antiviral drugs intervention measures to interrupt transmission, such as birth and cesarean delivery postpartum to avoid for newborns breastfeeding.
How to treat AIDS?
Due to the virus infectious disease there is no specific drug treatment, so for AIDS and no effective treatment. In addition, the HIV virus nucleic acid with the host chromosome DNA integration, using the host cell to reproduce, brought difficulties to drug treatment. Early treatment of HIV infection is very important. Through the treatment can slow the decline of immune function. HIV infected with tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia and carr's increased risk of pneumocystis pneumonia, is very important for early prevention.
A, support therapy, as far as possible improve the progressive consumption of AIDS patients.
Second, the immune regulator.
Three, antiviral agents. In more detail
Misunderstanding of AIDS often exist
AIDS mainly in three ways: sexual contact, blood and mother-to-child transmission, by mucous membrane exposure to blood infection rate was only 0.09%, due to the deep scratches HIV (AIDS) viruses in less than 3 ‰, a high-risk sexual behaviour infection is very low. And without the infection through indirect contact with HIV.
If normal people exposed to HIV/AIDS infected people's blood, as long as the skin is not damaged, will not infection; When people come into contact with skin, people infected with HIV and AIDS is not bleeding wound, the skin is broken, even if normal is not infected. Is important to note that although a unprotected feculent sexual behavior infection is very low, also can't rule out the possibility of infection. Therefore, we in the process of publicize AIDS prevention, the entire feculent sexual behavior are required to use condoms correctly, in case of one thousand.
Experts say the mosquitoes do not spread AIDS nine groups often should test
Mosquitoes do not spread AIDS. Research shows that the AIDS virus in mosquito breeding. Mosquitoes in the vampire, would not have been sucked into blood injected by bite people, but to infuse saliva as a lubricant to vampire. After mosquito sucking blood usually don't go to bite down an individual, but need a long time to digest absorption into the blood. At present have been found throughout the world because of mosquito and insect bites and reports of HIV infection.
, deputy director of the health education in shaanxi province Xu Qingmin reminds, nine populations should be timely detection of HIV/AIDS: a sexually active person, no matter the age size, suggested that detecting HIV each year; Unprotected sex with multiple sex partners of sexually active people, suggested that at least once every three months testing; Had commercial sex male or female, either as customers or sex workers; In MSM same-sex sexual behaviour, especially without using a condom; Once engaged in buying of blood; Pregnant women; Sharing needles and the injection; Who tested positive for tuberculosis (TB); Tested positive for a sexually transmitted disease. As long as it is approved by the health administrative department at or above the provincial or HIV antibody testing lab can do HIV antibody testing.
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Women of the inverted nipple household therapy if the therapy is invalid to consider surgery

Before puberty, had developed to female breast, nipple is small and flat. After puberty, with hormone levels change, menstrual cramps, breasts start development, nipples also increases gradually protruding. But there are also many female nipple part or all of the below areola plane, or even reverse concave, in leather, rendering the crater shape, this kind of circumstance is inverted nipple, nipple breast deformity.
Usually around the age of 15, mammary gland development close to adult patients will find their own distinctive "breast". But in general, adolescent girls so rarely to see a doctor, unless there is a serious situation, such as nipple secretion grow in quantity, formed the chronic inflammation, send out a "smell" to see a doctor.
Congenital and acquired inverted nipple. Improper congenital, is developed. Acquired, it is due to illness or unreasonable caused corset or wear tight bras. For the nipple part of sag and inverted nipple caused by inappropriate wearing bra, conservative treatment. If fully sag or invalid conservative treatment, the surgical correction should be considered.
Inverted nipple home therapy
Nipple stretching exercise method. Put the thumb parallel nipples two side, slowly pulled open, on both sides to pull areola and the subcutaneous tissue, make the nipples outward. On the nipples will both thumbs up and down sides, longitudinal pull up and down from the nipples. Can be repeated multiple times, each time practice 5 to 10 minutes, the projection, reoccupy forefinger and thumb knead a nipple gently rotating outward force several times.
Syringe suction method. Take volume for two 20 ml of disposable syringe, remove one of the pistons, with a 10 cm long of the infusion tube connect two syringe. Will cover suction device without the the end of the piston on the concave on the nipples of suction side injection piston, make produce negative pressure inside the empty barrel and suck the nipples. Suction pressure depending on the patient's feeling and protrude the case may be, is it pain. Keep negative pressure more than 5 minutes (keep the longer, the more the nipple is not easy to bounce back).
Breast pump negative pressure attraction. Used for breast swell inverted nipple caused during lactation. Can be congenital inverted nipple.
The expert reminds, adolescent is an important period of breast development, is also an important period to correct inverted nipple. Often pull nipples, can make double mastoid and the surrounding skin support increase, "shape". Home treatment effect is not obvious, should go to a hospital in time consulting, can through the method of negative pressure attraction or surgery to correct.

Graduate skills match play scalp intravenous needle

Jiaotong university medical school graduate student clinical skills contest held for the first time. Reporter discovery, pediatric scalp intravenous needle, infantile tibial puncture, department of gynaecology, pleural puncture in day-to-day skills such as basic operations, have become a practice exam. After early game, finally from including children, xinhua hospital, the third people's hospital medical center, the international peace maternity and child care, mental health center 6 team finals, xinhua hospital won the first prize.
At the scene of the game, simulation of 8 months old baby diarrhea for three days in a row, to the hospital, diarrhea for five to eight times a day, dehydration and rehydration is badly needed. To this, teams of graduate students to the analog baby for intravenous injection. Dressed in a white coat of actual simulated training people graduate students on standardized patients and fully shows the handle inside and outside, women, solid clinical skills on a range of issues. Both double unarmed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and infantile scalp vein puncture, or simulation of the operating room disinfection, spread wipes, wear a gown, a sterile gloves, etc., graduate students - standard specification operation.
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Syringe without needle has limitations still has potential market

History is always in the development of science is always in progress. Though traditional syringe has solved many problems to mankind, have brought many convenient, but with the progress of science and technology, the traditional needle syringe itself exists some problems, such as easy to cause infectious disease spread, needles infection, encouraging people to find new injection method, there is no these problems. So, was born in a sterile syringe without needle. It is understood that the syringe without needle development began in the early 1980 s the United States, approved specifically for insulin injections. According to introduction, this product works, using ultrasonic and high pressure liquid atomization insulin after ultrafine particle aerosol formation, under high pressure, the insulin aerosol diffusion through tiny pores in the skin into the subcutaneous, thus completing the process of injection. Until 1990 years later, more sophisticated spring as power began to appear in a sterile syringe without needle, and the pore size, pressure control, flow speed, the energy curve, and solution of distribution, the absorption of drug, etc., carried out a more reasonable design and research, and non invasive syringe are truly mature. The personage inside course of study for our syringe without needle made an analysis of marketing: the diabetes patients in China more than 80 million people, and the trend of increasing every year, of which about half of the patients to long-term injection of insulin. Considering the factors such as marketing promotion schedule and purchasing power, only the part of the group of 2.5% of the patients with positioning goal for the future use of the crowd, is the scale of up to 1 million people. Without needle injection technology can also be derived different specifications, different clinical USES of syringe without needle, as a result, the subsequent product should have a broader space, such as vaccination, narcotic injection products, pre filled syringe without needle, syringe for infectious disease hospital, and to meet the requirements of ophthalmology, dental, etc. Using high fine for injection syringe without needle and syringe without needle for cosmetic surgery. Etc. So calculate down, syringe without needle domestic market potential is expected to more than $ten billion. However, syringe without needle subsequent product research and development production is not easy. Research and development and production of syringe without needle needs of clinical medicine, physiology, fluid mechanics, laser physics, mechanical, and other professional and technical personnel to participate in. At present, there are dozens of international companies and research institutions engaged in the product research and development, but the real mature licensed products are rare. Many research institutions and enterprises in our country also in research and development in a sterile syringe without needle has spent a lot of effort, but only part of the syringe without needle parts come out. Syringe without needle scope is very wide, can be widely used in all kinds of vaccine, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, all kinds of medication, and diabetes patients that need to be self injection group. This product has a very broad market in our country, to solve many of the current medical demand, is very meaningful. Syringe without needle, however, because itself has limitations, can only be used for small dose of protein and polypeptide drugs, not injection clinical demand a great deal of antipyretic analgesics, antibiotics or antitumor drugs, greatly limits its application in clinical practice, which is another main reason lies in its price. The personage inside course of study thinks, considering the research and development technology bottlenecks, clinical study and review cycle, in order to keep leading advantage, the first task is to expand capacity, strengthening marketing and accelerate the subsequent product launch. Hypospray, experts say, is not only suitable for ordinary injection syringe injection liquid fuel, it still has a for ordinary cylinder injector "dust" advantage, can be directly to the intradermal powder drug particles does not dissolve in water. Another advantage is that it is very suitable for large scale prevention of epidemic disease broke out for mass injection of preventive medicine. So efficient injection velocity is unmatched by ordinary cylinder injector.
With international pharmaceutical market more and more new products are available in a sterile syringe without needle, an American economist, prediction: in the next few years, more and more convenient and easy to use syringe without needle new products will gradually from the existing market share of disposable syringe, and become the 21st century international syringe the mainstream products on the market, its development space is enormous. By 2010, the global market in a sterile syringe without needle total sales will reach $3 billion. Our country is the world's largest producer and exporter of disposable needles, so the western developed countries the rapid development of the syringe without needle syringes export market of our country have an impact. At the same time, we must believe that in the future, syringe without needle market development will be better and better.
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Armour liver hepatitis b awareness generally high alert to a "silent killer" c

The day before yesterday is the love lier. Han Tao remind, vice President of the third central hospital in this city, citizens for influenza a and hepatitis b generally higher attention and be familiar with degrees, but little is known about for hepatitis c. Residents in daily life, should be particularly vigilant c a "silent killer".
Expert introduction, have disease due to hepatitis c hidden, the initial symptoms are often not obvious. Hepatitis c in patients with acute infection period 80% of asymptomatic, or only the feeling of fatigue, coupled with low detection rate, low public awareness, long incubation period, factors and so on, there is no vaccine to prevent hepatitis c is often ignored by people easily, cause misdiagnosis. But with the development of the disease, 75% to 85% of the acute hepatitis c will become chronic, if not treated, eventually will likely develop into liver cirrhosis and liver cancer.
Expert introduction, at present, although there is no effective vaccine to prevent hepatitis c, and c is the viral hepatitis cure rate is higher, so the prevention and control of the key lies in early detection, early detection, early treatment. Due to hepatitis c is a mainly through blood transmission of the disease, so most of the mode of transmission and of contaminated blood or broken skin and mucous membrane. Who received blood transfusions, blood dialysis, used a disposable syringe and without strict disinfection of dental instruments, endoscopy, invasive operation, and acupuncture, and hepatitis c patients sharing a razor, toothbrush, intravenous drug use, or used to have tattoos, tattoo eyeline, pierced earrings with hole skin mucosa damage such as high-risk groups to check regularly for hepatitis c.
The expert reminds, to effectively prevent hepatitis c, need to pay attention: do not share syringes or related products such as cotton balls used for injected with drugs, hormones and vitamins of artefacts, and don't share solution for injection. For health authorities, to ensure that all operations conform to the standard operation procedure.
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India, Argentina, frequent friction with China for our favorite stylemakers?

Of all the emerging economies, India and Argentina on China's trade remedy measures.
According to incomplete statistics, in 2009 India to China 13 trade remedy investigations were conducted, including 7 safeguards investigation, safeguard measures investigations three, the anti-dumping investigation shall be 2, 1 countervailing investigation. Argentina launched one quarter of the anti-dumping investigation against Chinese products. Argentina to start anti-dumping investigations since 19 2009, accounting for 65.6% of the total year Argentina global anti-dumping cases, increased by 111.1% than in 2008. In early January this year, Argentina and China phenolic plywood, oil-immersed three-phase transformer and pottery and porcelain, marble and glass ceramic tile waist line launched anti-dumping investigations.
Investigate its reason, suzhou dongwu university li analysis said that when questioned on the stage of economic development between China and other emerging economies is roughly same, similar industrial structure, between each other in the international market strong competition. Along with the continuous expansion of China's exports, emerging economies and China's trade friction also more naturally.
In addition, most emerging economies like China are pursuing export-led growth strategy. When the global economy into the trough, European and American market recovery is too late, always have a strong impact of Chinese exports is bound to find new markets, particularly in emerging economies. The influx of Chinese goods in great quantities, make these emerging economies feel the unprecedented pressure of competition to a domestic industry, and forced their government restrictions on Chinese products.
Trade friction case investigations have difficulty
The personage inside course of study points out, marking trade case is not good to play in developing countries. Once the "defendant", wenzhou wuzhou import and export co., LTD. Deputy general manager Chen Tianhang have experience greatly.
In January of 2010, Argentina for this case to make a preliminary investigation authority, ruled that the dumping margin is 408.47%, and begin to implement temporary anti-dumping duties. According to China's customs statistics, from January 2010 to September, I o to export quantity and the amount of disposable syringe fell 55% and 57% respectively. During this period, wenzhou wuzhou exports fell by 79%.
Affected the domestic manufacturers a total of 21 at the time, the number of exports to Argentina is not large, the vast majority of enterprises to give responses. Wenzhou wuzhou exports to Argentina but related products totaling more than $200, accounts for half of the entire Chinese exports on, so choose responses. Eventually the two sides reach a price undertaking.
The government should be enterprise
After the battle, Chen Tianhang feel anti-dumping case related to emerging countries more difficult than other countries. "Span the entire case for 18 months. During this period, subject to enterprise data up to 8000 pages, attorney's fees (both sides) of 380000 yuan, translation and notary fees together with the other fee is 390000 yuan, total is 770000 yuan RMB." Chen Tianhang said.
In addition, as far away from each other geographically, and linguistic and cultural differences, the two countries less communication between the industry, the trade remedy cases in response to the South American countries also increased the difficulty.
For the case, in February 2011, the ministry of commerce tallies Lin, deputy director of bureau of fair trade delegation visit to Argentina, will promote the industry cooperation to resolve bilateral trade friction, trade remedy cooperation mechanism, urged, implement the China's market economy status and other issues with the Arab side to exchange views. Minmetals, electromechanical, import and export chamber of commerce organizations such as health care four companies involved in the same period o visit, with the industry to carry out the counterpart talks.
According to people who have close to the ministry of commerce, in addition to enterprise vigorously, to solve such cases also needs the government, for the enterprise through the industry dialogue to solve contradictions. (TengFei)
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Men learn animal origin "veterinary drugs" to kill his wife death sentence

At 2 am, Li Jingzhi went into the bathroom at home.
He opened six 1 mg of adrenaline hydrochloride injection, the liquid suction in the disposable syringes, each after a injection bottle thrown into the toilet will be washed away.
Inside the bedroom, the wife is sleeping. Li Jingzhi needle pierced into his wife right calf, five or six milligrams solution injected into it. He returned to the bathroom, to wash away needles and syringes thrown into the toilet.
Adrenaline hydrochloride, Polaris is 1 time 1 mg subcutaneously.
Animal husbandry and majored in biotechnology company work Li Jingzhi, know in my heart, a lot of adrenaline hydrochloride injection can lead to death.
His wife suspected her husband having an affair
Li Jingzhi in their 50 s and the 40 - year - old zhang hong (a pseudonym) is halfway husband and wife, after getting married, had a son in 2009.
Friends and relatives eyes, Li Jingzhi and zhang hong is very good, the wife at home to take care of the children, the husband go to work to earn money out.
Said zhang hong elder brother, younger sister character is urgent, easy to lose his temper, his brother-in-law was easygoing personality, haven't seen him in a temper. "Li Jingzhi to his wife is very good, all the salary to his wife." Li Jingzhi biotechnology company boss said.
But starting in November 2011, the relatives and friends found that Li Jingzhi and zhang hong are often quarrel with each other. "Doubt Li Jingzhi chines woman out there." Li Jingzhi sister said.
Li Jingzhi boss quarrel with Li Jingzhi seen chines also find unit, "his wife is very suspicious, he look so severe, total want to master Li Jingzhi whereabouts."
A relationship with her husband
Li Jingzhi really out of the question.
In November 2011, Li Jing aim at online met shan (not her real name), phone number left after two people meet each other.
From sending text messages, phone calls, to almost a week later from huairou rushed to pinggu Li Jingzhi, shan home visit, develop into love relationship between two people.
Shan, four in May 2012, Li Jingzhi had sent a message to her, let her go to veterinary drug store to buy a medicine, what is "like hydrochloric acid". Shan said, they do not have to buy, the message is deleted.
The wife threat "kill the child"
Li Jingzhi buy medical name for "adrenaline hydrochloride", is a kind of syringes.
His confession, on May 14, 2012, he returned home from shan, wife and quarrelling with him, "said the son to kill".
This is not the first time zhang hong said such a thing.
Li Jingzhi with shan after sex, in 2012, he told his wife filed for divorce was rejected, "she also threatened to strangle the child".
"The strangled the child", Li Jingzhi sister also heard of. In April 2012, she got a call from his wife, "had not bottom go to, not I strangled her child, I don't live". Li Jingzhi sister immediately pressed to stop the fight, learn younger brother didn't come home for a few days.
Veterinary medicine shop to buy a medicine against his wife
Li Jingzhi confession, he seeks to preserve his son, "you kill her (his wife).
On May 25, 2012 Li Jing aim at huairou a veterinary drug store, bought a box of "adrenaline hydrochloride injection" (ten), also bought two sets of disposable syringes, for 16 yuan.
"Selling medicine at all tell the user each use of the two will do." The veterinary drug shop salesman said that not many people buy this medicine, mainly for animal, "I don't know people can use".
"Adrenaline hydrochloride injection" Li Jingzhi buy manufacturer staff confirmed that the drug is used for various causes of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of the main rescue medication. This kind of medicine is prescription drugs. Often use 0.25 1 mg subcutaneously once, Polaris 1 1 mg subcutaneous injection. Under normal circumstances can't use this kind of medicine, dosage is too large or subcutaneous injection after vascular contact can cause abrupt increases blood pressure and cause cerebral hemorrhage.
While his wife was sleeping
Bachelor degree in animal husbandry Li Jingzhi said, "know people play too much adrenaline can lead to death.
He put the six "adrenaline hydrochloride injection" and two sets of syringe to take home, four in unit, "if the wife son to kill again, use this medicine to kill her." Li Jingzhi confession.
On the evening of May 26, quarrel happened again, his wife and threatened to kill his son.
Li Jingzhi confessions, 24 PM that night, his wife said uncomfortable to eat some medicine, Li Jingzhi buy good sleeping pills will advance into the Finn will possess a capsule, "give her to eat sleeping pills in great fear that she might continue to quarrel, take medicine but she also said want to buy medicine to kill son".
Li Jingzhi said, he heard his wife more think more afraid. After his wife fell asleep, at 2 o 'clock in the morning, he went into the toilet...
5 minutes after injection, the wife said wake up have a headache, and vomiting.
Li Jingzhi called 120 and emergency personnel arrived tired of his wife.
Police exploration lie detectors
"Wife headache after drinking wine, just ate medicine sleep to his wife." Li Jingzhi with emergency personnel rushed to the relatives said.
120 participants Li Jingzhi alarm, the survey also found that when the police with guns and bullets. Li Jingzhi said for this is that the early buy used for hunting, always hide in the home.
On May 27,, the police on suspicion of possession of firearms, ammunition sin will Li Jingzhi custody. Police found zhang hong die at home have a lot of doubt, the Li Jingzhi further interrogation, Li Jingzhi metasomatism kill zhang hong criminal facts.
Recently, the court believes that Li Jingzhi cannot correctly handle family disputes, deliberately adopt the way of injectable drugs to kill his wife, was illegal possession system, guns, murder and crime of illegal holding guns, should be combined punishment for several crimes. Given Li Jingzhi can truthfully confesses the uxoricide crime, and considering this case other specific circumstances, to Li Jingzhi sentenced to death penalty according to law, suspended for 2 years.
Li Jingzhi, said to his wife after injecting drugs, he regretted at that time, but it is too late.

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Netizens post said at home to do artificial insemination experts: it's too dangerous!

"Hello, is hangzhou report health help hotline? Three people I see on weibo sowing net net friend sent a post, she introduced herself for artificial insemination at home, just need to surf the Internet to buy four tool can process sounds simple, but also much cheaper than the price of the hospital, I want to ask if we can help to ask experts, at home to do artificial insemination by unreliable?"
To reporters that feel fresh, hurriedly to the baidu to search the related content, unexpectedly jumped out of the 186000 results, originally there are a lot of friends all have expressed strong interest in this topic, and even on some professional BBS has quite a few women post said implementation of artificial insemination and successful pregnancy at home.
Artificial insemination can do it yourself? Home disinfection can pass a barrier? No doctor operation will have a problem? Reporter special interview the province maternity care, director of reproductive endocrinology at zhu min, she see posts while shaking his head, said "too dangerous".
【 】 and post the original
I'm ready for artificial insemination at home
First statement, my husband and I are all very normal, the reason to do artificial insemination at home, because feel that sperm can enter more, pregnant chance will be bigger, and the operation process is very simple, and tools to get to the Internet buy only 20 yuan.
I official holiday on April fourteenth, 28 this month should ovulation in theory, the tools are bought, is ready, only owe ovulation.
I plan for the implementation of the time: oviposit test paper to Yang, B ultrasonic testing to the follicle is greater than 18 mm after implementation of artificial insemination, after oviposit test paper to 12 hours after strong positive peak and husband again once, and finally wait until after oviposit test paper into a white board to do artificial insemination at a time, because I feel that artificial and natural knew the success rate will be higher. To sum up is to do artificial insemination twice, once knew.
Specific to prepare the tools are: one-time expand Yin, disposable syringes, lost a fine needle (only buy sheep), a beaker.
Artificial insemination process:
1, beaker warm in her arms, and will expand Yin into the vagina, action must be gentle.
2, good to husband masturbation of semen into warm the beaker.
3, the sperm into the syringe.
4, install good sperm in the syringe needle, let the husband help the sperm as the needle gently into the cervix is about 0.5 cm.
5, push syringes, all the sperm injection into the uterus.
"Netizen opinions"
Clap for someone to follow, also have called the post too naive
Agreed with party --
Netizen "Rachelfuji" : do you want to go with me, I have the equipment ready, this afternoon, tomorrow is going to begin to do.
The net friend "cui cui love beautiful" : my last month himself fumbling to do artificial insemination twice, but because of operational problems, don't put the semen successfully injected into the cervix or uterus, didn't you professional and tools. Continue to try to prepare this month, wish we all good pregnant this month.
Opposition --
Netizen "Addai:" you are too naive. First, their do have very big at home may be infected, cause uterine inflammation, etc. Some infectious diseases are more likely to be infected, and even sexually transmitted diseases. Besides, online shopping you also dare to use in your body? Second, all the good and bad are intermingled of sperm to take shortcuts, fertilized egg quality dropped substantially, the chances of miscarriages and deformities will rise greatly.
Net friend "the green peak" : if your husband have prostatitis pelvic inflammation may cause you to appear, and if the woman oviduct unobstructed, not may also increase the probability of an ectopic pregnancy.