Our reporter Zhou Yan changsha Zhou Xifeng intern reports
China's first car interior of the execution. On February 20, 2004, then benefits for the first time the drug injection method is adopted to a criminal execution, its execution is the first car. Photo/CFP
On December 2, liaoning ShengGaoYuan announced that, from now on, the provincial court to adopt injection method is executed, completely eliminating shot.
This means that the court condemned inmates in liaoning's "the last bullet" has been issued. The province has become the first farewell (9 provinces in the country.
News, becomes a topic of public debate. In has gone into the era of emphasized less kill, kill Chinese, no schedule, abolish the death penalty way for the execution of more humane, more attention at this time.
In June this year, from the supreme people's court at the "national criminal trial symposium" on news, Beijing executed the years all use injection method.
In April this year, is focused on another news is: hubei suizhou even killed eight people xiong had volunteered to injections of the murderer, but he still be bound to the execution ground, was shot.
In fact, as early as February 2008, hubei ShengGaoYuan Lv Zhongmei is put forward,, vice President of the hubei province will promote injections since that year, but a cruel violent xiong did not enjoy the "privilege".
In recent years, according to court for lethal injections of practice across the country, you can see a lethal injection is popularized in the broader trend, "want to let go of death with dignity" judicial idea more accepted by people.
Another topic is: that coincide with the nationally, when pulled the final trigger execution way.
The first needle takes 30 seconds
On March 28, 1997. A node in the history of China's death penalty execution.
That morning, kunming municipal intermediate people's court for both a convict on death role, is different from traditional way of execution, the use of injections is executed.
This is the first time that China adopts injection method executed, is also a very secretive execution. Until today, the two condemned men still failed to disclose information, we still don't know their names.
Build the China first needle injections of kunming military spending dean wang revealed that after the first needle a total of 30 seconds. The injected drug was potassium cyanide. This is a kind of highly toxic chemicals, the drug after oral or injected, 10 seconds can cause sudden death. Because of its toxicity, potassium cyanide and even being classified as a drug of choice for euthanasia.
Wang Jun said, before the execution, for fear of injections when prisoners touch, for prisoners, they have a belt armrest chair, so that both hands can tie on the chair. Because of concerns that prisoners don't want to be seen, also prepared a black paper bag when breathing. At that time, Wang Jun pushed two milligrams potassium cyanide, but because of potassium cyanide too volatile, morning, lethal injection from afternoon to morning, his head is dizzy. Afterward, they discuss the injection drug use anesthetics.
This is obviously a "needle" with a nature of test.
Before this, kunming, then set up a special group, a group leader, vice President of the, the main goal is to "make the prisoner die without pain and with dignity". That time, the execution is a very sensitive topic, all the preparation work in secret. , according to people familiar with the ready at the time, success is go on, quietly come back without success.
First is to develop lethal injections potion recipes. The researchers have made thousands of times test in rabbits. After reagents forming gradually, the selection of the 16 bailiffs secret training two months injection method.
November 4, on a few small adjustments, reagents and methods for the kunming and then to the second batch of a total of four criminals executed injections.
This is a "high profile" injection executed, then reported by media, and has been dubbed the "first time".
Drug traffickers leader is the first known criminals executed by using injection methods. Media reports said, in the face of the moment of death, Zhang Rongcai suddenly sallow face, limbs movement stiffness, sleeves along while also opened up. But, the real implementation like normal injection, injection process smooth.
"I feel head in gone with the wind, the body weak" become Zhang Rongcai finally feel. From birth to death, Zhang Rongcai left 32 seconds. Three other people on death row injection time of death is 35 seconds respectively, 40 seconds and 58 seconds.
Media reports said, this sign of kunming then a new way of execution has success, its bold attempt caused the wide attention of public opinion at home and abroad.
Fully implementing lethal injections in the province
Liaoning province this year
Beijing this year
Shandong this year
Henan this year
Shanghai in 2001
Zhejiang province in 2006
Yunnan province in 2003
Chongqing in 2010
Note: data in this figure for incomplete statistics based on publicly available information
This year fully implementing lethal injections in the province
Will be fully implementing lethal injections in the province
Have begun to lethal injections in the city
Our province the first needle injection in zhangjiajie
On January 1, 1997, is China's another node in the history of the execution.
In March 1996, the standing committee of the National People's Congress revised the criminal procedure law of the People's Republic of China article 212, paragraph 2: death by firing squad or injection. This is the first time to write the way of using drug injection executed the law, and in 1997 formally went into effect on January 1.
, according to experts who participates in the revision points the legislation background is considering UN ecosoc in 1984 with the safeguard measures of protection face the death penalty is right in the asked, for those states not abolish the death penalty, capital punishment "should be performed in the form of pain relief as far as possible".
Before this, carried out the death penalty shot as the only legal way since "criminal law" promulgated in 1979 used for 18 years.
On March 28, 1997, kunming, then for the first time in execution by lethal injection in the way. At this point, the distance will be "lethal injections" added to the new points less than four months.
Injection executed using for the first time in kunming, then is not an accident. Is a special case, the locations of kunming is drug case, most of the executions are drug traffickers, many dealers and "addict", such as HIV/AIDS infection is quite common in this crowd. When executed, many forensic, bailiffs and even wear boots, lest shot when blood spray, in such an insecure environment easily infected with HIV.
Since then, the injection of execution in which is dominated by the supreme people's court and steadily move. According to people in the court, the Supreme Court not only deployment of the meeting, also issued relevant notice many times, and specify the seven pilot injections intermediate court execution.
On September 14, 2000, former vice chairman of the standing committee of National People's Congress cheng kejie was executed by lethal injection executed, the important background of this period is the Supreme Court are brewing throughout the lethal injections.
"Human rights" magazine 2003 feeds was published by the supreme people's court, the Supreme Court has said in the meeting in nanjing, kunming and focus on deployment in court further promote injection method execution work throughout the country, and points out that "can't carry out the work, just stay in the organization view, trial stage". This is considered China's social civilization and progress of a positive step, is a major progress of criminal judicial system reform in China.
Lethal injections from the legislative level into practice stage, news about the injection death penalty is in the press, die let death "comfortable" for many news reports in the description. And in the court's notice on the death penalty, lethal injections are expressions of "marched to carried out the death penalty execution ground" instead, rather than "executed" marched to execution ground.
According to data shows, Beijing, liaoning, Shanghai, shandong, henan and other provinces and cities have been fully implementing lethal injections, 12 years in China has injected method execution place is kunming, changsha, chengdu and other dozens of cities across the country.
In hunan, the well-known one is November 9, 1999, changsha, then to "openning the first corruption" Zhang Deyuan injections. This is the first time in hunan economic crime of the senior injection executed.
For the death Zhang Deyuan injection, however, are not in changsha's first. Had been in the hospital on September 29, 1998, to kill the father's death when zhou kai ningxiang peasant and so on one batch of injection executed successfully. Hunan province first injection executed, in May 1998 by zhangjiajie then executed.
In September 2001, the supreme people's court issued notice, provisions of lethal injections must be unified construction execution, torture, viewing room, bed and use unified special drugs, etc.
Hunan province executive injections with each and then popularization in the whole province according to the requirements of standardization. In June 2002, changde then to Yang Changxiu etc make injection executed eight trafficking drugs. Said, this is the first time in hunan province in accordance with the requirements of the standardization of using injection method is executed.
"Comfortable" die in battle
Compared with execution of "simple" and "brutal", lethal injections of technical content is much higher. And at the time of the trial injections place has not all been plain sailing.
According to the "southern weekend", according to a report in kunming then after injection of execution, hangzhou then also use this method. But executives too nervous, all at the better, hands trembling, unable to artificial injection. Hangzhou then later find is known as the "father" of China injection pump of large medical equipment company, zhejiang university Luo Jianming completely, its development speed pumps, please.
In June of 1999, China's first high-speed pump was born, but the problem appeared in the second operation. 1 medicine residual part of the contact with the 2 medicine produces condensation, blocked the iv, when performing pump to continue 2 medicine, perfusion tube burst. So when use the pump problem, at least delay the execution of prisoners.
Injection of execution of another to cross is to injections of Chinese people's psychological acceptance.
Most people of certain age may remember in the 1980 s and ninety s when the "shot" of "spectacle" : if it is in the county, with ten thousand people GongPan assembly, then paraded, tied to the execution ground. Execution field also is people mountain people sea, watch the scene of bustle of three layers in the layers around a. These scenarios according to the psychological needs, make the public deep thought that "justice" can emerge only through the "shot".
For a long time, shot anecdotal called "eat you shot", "eat peanuts. People showed a prurient interest in "shot" of violent and bloody, call time, is also a kind of Chinese folk state under the death culture real rendering.
That time, not everyone understand injections the more humane way of execution. Kunming, according to media reports, then become the lethal injections, citizens have sent a letter to the court express anger, said "the death of sin, don't kill enough to public outrage, such way to die, he is too cheap".
Injections were understood to be "corrupt official privilege". Some scholars and experts from the height of the theory, injections and parallel execution, but reflects the everyone is inequality before the "death", "officer, your" base "phenomenon, questioning and criticism.
Hu Changqing is the first provincial officials punished, was executed on March 8, 2000. Hu asked the court for enforcement lethal injections. But due to the court at that time don't use injection method executions in jiangxi, hu's application has not been agreed to.
Since then, the news about the corrupt official was shot, is seldom seen media coverage in the injection death penalty applies to more senior officials, such as the former vice chairman of the standing committee of National People's Congress cheng kejie was executed, the state food and drug administration zheng xiaoyu, former vice governor of anhui province Wang Huaizhong, executive vice mayor Ma Xiangdong in shenyang, etc.
Kunming then was among the first to adopt injection method execution court, execution injection technology is more mature. But ma3 jia jue2 is executed by the hospital was shot, not lethal injections.
On April 16, 2009 in hubei even killed eight people of xiong before the execution had demanded the death penalty, lethal injection he feels "gun play very painful", but he still be bound to the execution ground, executed. In fact, as early as February 2008, hubei ShengGaoYuan Lv Zhongmei is put forward,, vice President of the hubei province will promote injections since that year, cruel violent xiong did not enjoy the "privilege".
In lethal injections promotion process, the exploration of district court also fell under foreign media criticism. On June 15, 2006, America's largest circulation newspaper USA today, titled "China car manufacturing injection execution", the article said, China's use of injections, the execution "in order to more convenient and more complete, more effectively gather, buying and selling organs of executed prisoners".
Guizhou zunyi then dean's then the Li Zuliang expressed anger. Zunyi then is the domestic first using a large injection of the execution of the judiciary, Li Benren is the deadly and mysterious machine main creatives and designers.
Lee in an interview with the media, counters by car to gather the prisoner the execution organ is impossible, "execution after the injections, the dead body to accept a funeral home, family and court three links of supervision, not likely to be in violation of human rights, the buying and selling human organs".
How far is from the "last shot"?
Carried out the death penalty in points add "injection" after 12 years, around the executions and injection executed parallel, on the other hand also reflects the difficulty of the injections.
ZuoLianBi analysis says, vice President of the higher people's court in liaoning province and some intermediate court execution task knowledge is not unified, and even some people questioned said that with what the law allows execution and injection in parallel in two ways, and now it happened that want to cancel the shot? Injection and execution of software construction is relatively weak, it is not formed a complete system of work, such as emergency preplan rules and regulations is not sound.
In addition, injection executed staff psychological intervention mechanism has not yet been established, this greatly affected the injection executed staff work enthusiasm. Injection executed on the number of staff is not much, also to a certain extent, affected the work.
Although at present, liaoning has 10 intermediate court has the lethal injections hardware foundation, but only a few such as shenyang, dalian court has complete injections of specialized personnel, other courts when injection executed only borrowed from its people. According to the Supreme Court held in October this year injection executed the staff training, at the appointed time, the local execution workers nervous situation to get some relief.
For 12 years, relevant personage also calls for a unified injection of execution of the specific procedures. Lethal injections drugs, dosage, there is no uniform standard in China, whether due to physical different response to drugs or omit, whether different gender dose should be different, is still in exploration; From injection to dead criminals should be how long, the needle can not whether death can recharge, etc., has so far been inconclusive.
Addition at the Chinese academy of social sciences researcher LiuRenWen wrote that note
Another background is that China will start on January 1, 2007 death penalty approval power, under the supreme people's court, in the landmark event as an opportunity, China has suffered a sharp fall in sentence and execution.
Ma Changsheng argues that along with economic development and reduce death penalty, more places there will be a condition with relatively higher cost of injections executed, then there is no need to take shot execution.
On the legal level, a symbol of China's abolish all executions carried out the death penalty also is to modify the relevant laws and regulations. Ma Changsheng believes that only fully mature conditions, may replace executions completely by the injection of the death penalty, instead of after, as for when to change the law in the form of fixed, estimate this process will be more long, "at least in the near future will not do such a decision.
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